Key Excerpts from the Majority Opinion, Brown II

The decision was unanimous.
Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the opinion of the Court.

These cases [Brown and others] were decided on May 17, 1954. The opinions of that date, declaring the fundamental principle that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional, are incorporated herein by reference. All provisions of federal state, or local law requiring or permitting such discrimination must yield to this principle. There remains for consideration the manner in which relief is to be accorded. . . .

Full implementation of these constitutional principles may require solution of varied local school problems. School authorities have the primary responsibility for elucidating, assessing, and solving these problems; courts will have to consider whether the action of school authorities constitutes good faith implementation of the governing constitutional principles. . . .

While giving weight to . . . public and private considerations, the courts will require that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with our May 17, 1954, ruling. Once such a start has been made, the courts may find that additional time is necessary to carry out the ruling in an effective manner. The burden rests upon the defendants to establish that such time is necessary in the public interest and is consistent with good faith compliance at the earliest practicable date. To that end, the courts may consider problems related to administration, arising from the physical condition of the school plant, the school transportation system, personnel, revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis, and revision of local laws and regulations which may be necessary in solving the foregoing problems.

. . . [T]he cases are remanded to the District Courts to take such proceedings and enter such orders and decrees consistent with this opinion as are necessary and proper to admit to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed the parties to these cases.

1. On the basis of this decision, what were segregated school districts required to do to comply with the Fourteenth Amendment?
    
2. What problems does the Court foresee with the desegregation process?
    
3. Do you get the sense from this ruling that school districts must desegregate immediately? Why or why not?
   

Resources

•	About landmarkcases.org
•	Teaching Recommendations Based on Your Time
•	Background Summary and Questions • • • Reading Level • • Reading Level  • Reading Level
•	Diagram of How the Case Moved Through the Court System
•	Biographies Earl Warren Thurgood Marshall
•	Key Excerpts from the Majority Opinion Brown I
•	Key Excerpts from the Majority Opinion Brown II
•	Full Text of the Majority Opinion

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Activities
    The Case

•	Does Treating People Equally Mean Treating Them the Same?
•	Classifying Arguments for Each Side of the Case
•	How a Dissent Can Presage a Ruling: The Case of Justice Harlan
•	Immediate Reaction to the Decision: Comparing Regional Media Coverage
•	Political Cartoon Analysis

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    After the Case

•	All Deliberate Speed?
•	Case Study of Integration -- Little Rock
•	If You Were a Supreme Court Justice. . .
•	Was the Promise of Brown Fulfilled?
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	Additional Resources
•	The Smithsonian's Separate is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education
•	Mix It Up

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